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=== Epistemoloji arqumentlər ===
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=== Məntqi arqumentlər ===
 
== Qeydlər ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em
|refs=
<ref name="encyc-unbelief-def-issues">{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Van A. |title=Agnosticism and Atheism |postscript=,}} in {{harvnb|Flynn|2007|p=35}}: "The terms ''ATHEISM'' and ''AGNOSTICISM'' lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative ''a'' both before the Greek ''theos'' (divinity) and ''gnosis'' (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them&nbsp;... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it."</ref>
<ref name="eb2011-atheism">{{harvnb|Nielsen|2013}}: "Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons&nbsp;... : for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God&nbsp;... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers&nbsp;... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., "God" is just another name for love, or&nbsp;... a symbolic term for moral ideals."</ref>
<ref name="eb2011-atheism-critique">{{harvnb|Nielsen|2013}}: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable."</ref>
<ref name="eb2011concise-atheism">{{cite encyclopedia|title = Atheism | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/atheism?show=0&t=1323944845 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Concise |publisher=Merriam Webster |accessdate=2011-12-15 | quote = Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical systems.}}</ref>
<ref name="eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |edition=15th |volume=1 |page=666 |year=2011 |id=0852294735 |ref=harv | accessdate=2011-04-09| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015453/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism| archivedate=2011-05-12 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name="eb2007-study-of-religion">{{cite encyclopedia | title = religion, study of |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | year = 2007 | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497151/study-of-religion | accessdate =2007-04-02 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="eb2007-demographics">{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1360391/Religion-Year-In-Review-2007
|title=Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2007
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|year=2007
|accessdate=2013-11-21}}
* 2.3% Atheists: Persons professing atheism, skepticism, disbelief, or irreligion, including the militantly antireligious (opposed to all religion).
* 11.9% Nonreligious: Persons professing no religion, nonbelievers, agnostics, freethinkers, uninterested, or dereligionized secularists indifferent to all religion but not militantly so.</ref>
 
<ref name="eb1911-atheism">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Atheism | quote = The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous. Its meaning varies (a) according to the various definitions of deity, and especially (b) according as it is (i.) deliberately adopted by a thinker as a description of his own theological standpoint, or (ii.) applied by one set of thinkers to their opponents. As to (a), it is obvious that atheism from the standpoint of the Christian is a very different conception as compared with atheism as understood by a Deist, a Positivist, a follower of Euhemerus or Herbert Spencer, or a Buddhist.}}</ref>
<ref name="eb1911-atheism-sceptical">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Atheism | quote = But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice, agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism.}}</ref>
<ref name="encyc-philosophy">{{harvnb|Edwards|2005}}: "On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion."</ref>
<ref name="encyc-unbelief-compatible">{{cite book |last=Holland |first=Aaron |title=Agnosticism |postscript=,}} in {{harvnb|Flynn|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?ei=xvzhT-_WFIaQ8wSivd2GCA&id=YR4RAQAAIAAJ&dq=agnosticism+compatible+with+atheism&q=%22It+is+important+to+note+that+this+interpretation+of+agnosticism%22 34]}}: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that ''knowledge'' of God's existence is unattainable."</ref>
<ref name=RoweRoutledge>{{harvnb|Rowe|1998}}: "As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of 'atheism' is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God.&nbsp;... an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology."</ref>
<!--ref name=extreme-secularism>{{harvnb|Zuckerman|2010}}: "A major source of these biases is the lack of clear definitions. Atheism and secularity are defined in opposition to religion, with atheism (the rejection of theism) often perceived as an extreme form of secularism (the decline of religious influence over society). But atheism is a narrow term referring to a specific belief (that there is no god), whereas secularism has various meanings, including a range of attitudes (such as religious indifference, doubt, agnosticism, and atheism) as as behaviors (such as lack of regular church attendance or disregard for traditional religious morality)."</ref-->
<ref name="martin-agnosticism-entails">{{harvnb|Martin|2006|p=2}}: "But agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism in that agnosticism ''entails'' negative atheism. Since agnostics do not believe in God, they are by definition negative atheists. This is not to say that negative atheism entails agnosticism. A negative atheist ''might'' disbelieve in God but need not."</ref>
<ref name="BBC-2004-demographics">{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/wtwtgod/3518375.stm
|title=UK among most secular nations
|publisher=BBC News
|accessdate=2015-01-14
| date=2004-02-26}}</ref>
<ref name="agnosticism-compatible">{{harvnb|Martin|1990|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&pg=PA466&dq=%22compatible+with+negative+atheism%22 467–468]}}: "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God."</ref>
<ref name="flint-agnostic-atheism">{{harvnb|Flint|1903|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DWMtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=%22The+atheist+may+however+be%22 49–51]}}: "The atheist may however be, and not unfrequently is, an agnostic. There is an agnostic atheism or atheistic agnosticism, and the combination of atheism with agnosticism which may be so named is not an uncommon one."</ref>
<ref name="barker-agnostic-atheism">{{harvnb|Barker|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fAjPWYgIfCoC&pg=PA96&dq=%22both+an+atheist+and+an+agnostic%22 96]}}: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic."</ref>
<ref name="besant-open-to-new-truth">{{cite book |title=Why Should Atheists Be Persecuted? |first=Annie |last=Besant |authorlink=Annie Wood Besant }} in {{harvnb|Bradlaugh|Besant|Bradlaugh|Moss|1884|pp =[https://books.google.com/books?id=jh8HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA185&dq=%22The+Atheist+waits+for+proof+of+God%22 185–186]}}: "The Atheist waits for proof of God. Till that proof comes he remains, as his name implies, without God. His mind is open to every new truth, after it has passed the warder Reason at the gate."</ref>
<ref name="holyoake-question-of-probability">{{cite journal |title=Mr. Mackintosh's New God |first=George Jacob |last=Holyoake |authorlink=George Holyoake |magazine=[[w:The Oracle of Reason|The Oracle of Reason, Or, Philosophy Vindicated]] |volume=1 |issue=23 |year=1842 |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFY9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA186 |quote=On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to ''believe'' that there is a god. I do not pretend to ''know'' that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, ''belief'' or ''disbelief'', a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge.}}</ref>
<ref name=honderich>Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford University Press. p 376. {{ISBN|0-19-866132-0}}.</ref>
<ref name=religioustolerance>Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for [http://www.onelook.com/?w=atheism&ls=a "atheism"]) first list one of the more narrow definitions.
* {{cite book |url=http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html |title=Dictionary of Philosophy |first=Dagobert D.(editor) |last=Runes |authorlink=Dagobert D. Runes |year=1942 |publisher=Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library |location=New Jersey |isbn=0-06463461-2 |quote=(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought |accessdate=2011-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234916/http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html |archivedate=2011-05-13 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl=no}} – entry by [[Vergilius Ferm]]</ref><ref name=reldef>{{cite web |url=http://www.as.ua.edu/rel/aboutreldefinitions.html |title=Definitions: Atheism|publisher=Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama |accessdate=2012-12-01}}</ref>
<ref name="hume-metaphysics">{{harvnb|Hume|1748|loc=Part III}}: "If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion."</ref>
}}
 
 
== İstinadlar ==
{{İstinad siyahısı}}
{{refend}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |authorlink=Karen Armstrong |title=A History of God |year=1999 |location=London |publisher=Vintage |isbn=0-09927367-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Baggini |first=Julian |authorlink=Julian Baggini |title=Atheism: A Very Short Introduction |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19280424-3 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Barker |first=Dan |authorlink=Dan Barker |title=Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists |year=2008 |location=New York |publisher=Ulysses Press |isbn=978-1-569-75677-5 |ol=24313839M |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bradlaugh |first1=Charles |authorlink=Charles Bradlaugh |last2=Besant |first2=Annie |last3=Bradlaugh |first3=Alice |last4=Moss |first4=A. B. |last5=Cattell |first5=C. C. |last6=Standring |first6=G. |last7=Aveling |first7=E. |title=The Atheistic Platform |year=1884 |location=London |publisher=Freethought Publishing |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Dawkins |title=The God Delusion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20God%20Delusion&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |year=2006 |publisher=Bantam Press |isbn=0-59305548-9 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Edwards |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Edwards (philosopher) |title=Atheism |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA (Gale) |editor=Donald M. Borchert |origyear=1967 |year=2005 |edition=2nd |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |volume=Vol. 1 |page=359 |isbn=978-0-028-65780-6 |ref=harv}}<!-- (page 175 in 1967 edition) -->
* {{cite book |last=Flew |first=Antony |authorlink=Antony Flew |title=The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality |location=New York |publisher=Barnes and Noble |year=1976 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Flint |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Flint |title=Agnosticism: The Croall Lecture for 1887–88 |year=1903 |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |ol=7193167M |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief
|editor-last=Flynn
|editor-first=Tom
|editor-link=Tom Flynn (author)
|publisher=Prometheus Books
|date=25 October 2007
|isbn=978-1-591-02391-3
|ol=8851140M
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YR4RAQAAIAAJ
|ref=harv
|title=The new encyclopedia of unbelief}}
* {{cite book |last=Harris |first=Sam |authorlink=Sam Harris (author) |title=The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2005 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Harris |first=Sam |authorlink=Sam Harris (author) |title=Letter to a Christian Nation |date=19 September 2006 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-307-27877-7 |ol=25353925M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlZATs3xD0gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Harris |first=Sam |authorlink=Sam Harris (author) |title=The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos |journal=[[Free Inquiry]] |issn=0272-0701 |date=April 2006 |volume=26 |issue=3 |url=https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/articles/2863 <!--- requires subscription --> |accessdate=2013-11-21 |ref={{harvid |Harris |2006a}} }} [http://www.samharris.org/site/full_text/the-myth-of-secular-moral-chaos alternate URL]
* {{cite book |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Hitchens |title=god Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything |publisher=Random House |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGgoYfGyqSMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 |ref=harv |isbn=978-0-771-04143-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Hume |first=David |authorlink=David Hume |title=[[s:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion|Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion]] |year=1779 |ol=7145748M |location=London |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Hume |first=David |authorlink=David Hume |title=[[s:An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding|An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding]] |year=1748 |location=London |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last=Landsberg |first=Mitchell |title=Atheists, agnostics most knowledgeable about religion, survey says |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/28/nation/la-na-religion-survey-20100928 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=2011-04-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180716/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/28/nation/la-na-religion-survey-20100928 |archivedate=2011-05-11 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl=no |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Martin (philosopher) |title=Atheism: A Philosophical Justification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-877-22642-0 |ol=8110936M |accessdate=2011-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519174319/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&pg=PP1 |archivedate=2011-05-19 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl=no |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book
|editor-last=Martin
|editor-first=Michael
|editor-link=Michael Martin (philosopher)
|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=true
|location=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|year=2006
|isbn=0-52184270-0
|ol=22379448M
| accessdate=2013-11-25
|ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Nielsen |first=Kai |authorlink=Kai Nielsen (philosopher) |title=Atheism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=2013 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism |accessdate=2013-11-25 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lnuwFH_M5o0C&pg=PA530 |first=William L. |last=Rowe |authorlink=William L. Rowe |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Atheism |year=1998 |editor=Edward Craig |isbn=978-0-415-07310-3 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |accessdate=2011-04-09 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |authorlink=Bertrand Russell |title=Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1957 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Sartre |first=Jean-Paul |author-link=Jean-Paul Sartre |origyear=1946 |contribution=Existentialism and Humanism |editor-last=Priest |editor-first=Stephen |title=Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=45 |isbn=0-41521367-3 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Sartre |first=Jean-Paul |origyear=1946 |contribution=An existentialist ethics |year=2004 |editor-last=Gensler |editor-first=Harry J. |editor2-last=Spurgin |editor2-first=Earl W. |editor3-last=Swindal |editor3-first=James C. |title=Ethics: Contemporary Readings |place=London |publisher=Routledge |page=127 |isbn=0-41525680-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=George H. |authorlink=George H. Smith |title=Atheism: The Case Against God |year=1979 |location=Buffalo, New York |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=0-87975124-X |lccn=79002726 |ol=4401616M |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Stenger |first=Victor J. |authorlink=Victor J. Stenger |title=God: The Failed Hypothesis—How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist |year=2007 |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=Amherst, New York |isbn=978-1-591-02652-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Stenger |first=Victor J. |authorlink=Victor J. Stenger |title=The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason |date=22 September 2009 |publisher=Prometheus |isbn=1-59102751-9 |url=http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/battle.html |accessdate=2009-07-23 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011014538/http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/battle.html |archivedate=11 October 2012 |df= }}
* {{cite book |last=Zdybicka |first=Zofia J. |year=2005 |contribution=Atheism |url=http://ptta.pl/pef |contribution-url=http://ptta.pl/pef/haslaen/a/atheism.pdf |editor-first=Andrzej |editor-last=Maryniarczyk |title=Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy |volume=1 |publisher=Polish Thomas Aquinas Association |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> |accessdate=2011-04-09}}