Biruni: Redaktələr arasındakı fərq

Silinən məzmun Əlavə edilmiş məzmun
Redaktənin izahı yoxdur
Redaktənin izahı yoxdur
Teqlər: Mobil redaktə Mobil veb redaktə
Sətir 24:
}}
 
'''Əl-Biruni Əbu Reyhan Muhəmməd ibn Əhməd''' ([[4 sentyabr]], [[973]] — [[9 dekabr]], [[1048]]) – böyük islam alimi.
'''Əl-Biruni Əbu Reyhan Muhəmməd ibn Əhməd''' ([[4 sentyabr]], [[973]] — [[9 dekabr]], [[1048]]) – böyük fars<ref>{{Cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=7JmpQwAACAAJ}} |title= The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Vol |date=1968 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |language=en |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |chapter=The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) |editor-first=J.A. |editor-last=Boyle |quote="The Iranian scholar al-BIruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC)"|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=gRKOPwAACAAJ}}|title=The Golden Age of Persia|last=Frye|first=Richard Nelson|date=February 2000|publisher=Phoenix Publishing, Incorporated|isbn=9780753809440|language=en|quote="The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. ..The name of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, from Khwarazm, must be mentioned since he was one of the greatest scientists in World History"}}
* {{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=MSAwAQAAIAAJ|page=11}}|title=Al-Biruni's Discovery of India: An Interpretative Study|last=Khan|first=M. A. Saleem|date=2001|publisher=iAcademicBooks|isbn=9781588681393|language=en|p=11|quote="It is generally accepted that he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect"}}
* {{Citation|last=Rahman|first=H. U.|title=A Chronology of Islamic History : 570 – 1000 CE|date=1995|publisher=Mansell Publishing|location=London|isbn=1-897940-32-7|page=167|quote="A Persian by birth, Biruni produced his writings in Arabic, though he knew, besides Persian, no less than four other languages."}}</ref><ref>
* {{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Biruni|title=Al-Bīrūnī {{!}} Persian scholar and scientist|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-07-06|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |lOCriv4rSCUC|page=18}}|title=Science in the Middle Ages|last=Lindberg|first=David C.|date=1980-03-15|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=9780226482330|language=en|p=18 |quote="A Persian by birth, a rationalist in disposition, this contemporary of Avicenna and Alhazen not only studied history, philosophy, and geography in depth, but wrote one of the most comprehensive Muslim astronomical treatises, the Qanun Al-Masu'di."}}
* {{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=KOIlAAAAMAAJ}}|title=Al-Bīrūnī Commemoration Volume A.H.362-A.H.1362|date=1951|publisher=Iran Society|language=en|first=L. |last=Massignon |chapter=Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe" |pp= 217–219|quote="In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says, "And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native [[Khwarezmian language|Khwarezmian]], science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing [[Kaaba]]. "}}
* {{harvnb|Strohmaier|2006|p=112|quote="Although his native Khwarezmian was also an [[Iranian language]], he rejected the emerging neo-Persian literature of his time (Firdawsi), preferring Arabic instead as the only adequate medium of science."}}
* {{harvnb|MacKenzie|2011}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=raKRY3KQspsC}}|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures|editor-last=Selin|editor-first=Helaine|date=1997-07-31|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780792340669|language=en|first=A.L. |last=Samian |title=Al-Biruni|page =157|quote="his native language was the Khwarizmian dialect"}}
</ref><ref name="EIs">{{citation|first=D.J. |last=Boilot |title=Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad New Ed. |volume=1|pp=1236–1238 |quote="He was born of an Iranian family in 362/973 (according to al-Ghadanfar, on 3 Dhu'l-Hididja/ 4 September — see [[Eduard Sachau|E. Sachau]], Chronology, xivxvi), in the suburb (birun) of Kath, capital of Khwarizm....was one of the greatest scholars of mediaeval Islam, and certainly the most original and profound. He was equally well versed in the mathematical, astronomic, physical and natural sciences and also distinguished himself as a geographer and historian, chronologist and linguist and as an impartial observer of customs and creeds. He is known as al-Ustdadh, 'the Master'."}} in {{harvnb|Bearman|Bianquis|Bosworth|2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Berggren|first1=J. L.|last2=Borwein|first2=Jonathan|last3=Borwein|first3=Peter|title=Pi: A Source Book|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4757-4217-6|page=680|url=
{{google books |plainurl=y |id=QhbrBwAAQBAJ|page=680}}|language=en|quote="The Persian polymath, al-Birüni, a younger contemporary of Abu'l-Wafa', calculated the perimeters of inscribed and ..."}}</ref> alimi.
 
Əl-Biruni [[4 sentyabr]] [[973]]-cü ildə Xarəzmdə anadan olmuşdur.