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|nəzarətçi
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== Tarix ==
The history of orienteering begins in the late 19th century in [[İsveç|Sweden]], the actual term "orientering" (the original Swedish name for orienteering, lit. "orientation") was first used in 1886 and meant the crossing of unknown land with the aid of a map and a compass.<ref name="iof_past_present">{{Cite web|url = http://www.orienteering.org/i3/index.php?/iof2006/iof/past_present|title = Past & present|publisher = International Orienteering Federation|accessdate = 2008-09-28|archive-date = 2008-08-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080802131200/http://www.orienteering.org/i3/index.php?%2Fiof2006%2Fiof%2Fpast_present|url-status = dead}}</ref> In Sweden, orienteering grew from military training in land navigation into a competitive sport for military officers, then for civilians. The name is derived from a word root meaning to find the direction or location. The first orienteering competition open to the public was held in [[Norveç|Norway]] in 1897.<ref name="iof_past_present"/>
 
From the beginning, locations selected for orienteering have been chosen in part for their beauty, natural or man-made. For the first public orienteering competition in Sweden, in 1901, control points included two historic churches, Spånga kyrka and Bromma kyrka (a round church).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.orientering.se/t2.asp?p=3398|title = Milstolpar i utvecklingen|publisher = Svenska Orienteringsförbundet|language = Swedish|accessdate = 2008-09-29|archive-date = 2007-09-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233231/http://www.orientering.se/t2.asp?p=3398|url-status = dead}}</ref>
[[Şəkil:World_Orienteering_Championships_2007_-_middle_distance_04.jpg|right|thumb|World Orienteering Championships 2007 in [[Kiyev|Kiev]], [[Ukrayna|Ukraine]]. Winners of middle-distance event: Simone Niggli-Luder, [[İsveçrə|Switzerland]], and Thierry Gueorgiou, [[Fransa|France]]]]
With the invention of inexpensive yet reliable compasses, the sport gained popularity during the 1930s. By 1934, over a quarter million Swedes were participants, and orienteering had spread to [[Finlandiya|Finland]], [[İsveçrə|Switzerland]], the [[Sovet Sosialist Respublikaları İttifaqı|Soviet Union]], and [[Macarıstan|Hungary]]. Following [[İkinci dünya müharibəsi|World War II]], orienteering spread throughout Europe and to Asia, North America and Oceania. In Sweden in 1959, an international orienteering conference was held. Representatives from 12 countries ([[Avstriya|Austria]], [[Bolqarıstan|Bulgaria]], [[Çexoslovakiya|Czechoslovakia]], [[Danimarka|Denmark]], [[Finlandiya|Finland]], [[Almaniya Demokratik Respublikası|East]] and [[Qərbi Almaniya|West Germany]], [[Macarıstan|Hungary]], Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia) participated.<ref name="iof_past_present"/> In 1961, orienteering organizations representing 10 European nations founded the International Orienteering Federation (IOF). Since then, IOF has supported the founding of many national orienteering federations. By 2010, 71 national orienteering federations were member societies of the International Orienteering Federation.<ref name="iof_nations">{{Cite web|url = http://www.orienteering.org/i3/index.php?/iof2006|title = National Federations|publisher = International Orienteering Federation|accessdate = 2006-02-19|archive-date = 2006-12-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061227191403/http://www.orienteering.org/i3/index.php?%2Fiof2006|url-status = dead}}</ref> These federations enabled the development of national and world championships. World championships were held every two years until 2003, then every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.orienteering.asn.au/promotion/facts/History/|title = Orienteering: A Brief History|publisher = Orienteering Australia|accessdate = 2008-11-13|archive-date = 2008-07-19|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719230326/http://www.orienteering.asn.au/promotion/facts/History/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 
Throughout this time, orienteering has remained most popular in [[Skandinaviya|Scandinavia]]. There, the two oldest recurring orienteering meets have been held since the 1940s (Jukola relay and Tiomila), and the single largest orienteering meet has been held every year since 1965 and attracts around 15,000 competitors (O-Ringen).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.hs.fi/english/article/The+Jukola+Relay+is+about+much+more+than+orienteering+/1135228145846|title = The Jukola Relay is about much more than orienteering|last = Pulkkinen|first = Sanna|publisher = Helsingin Sanomat|accessdate = 2008-11-13}}</ref>
 
Typically, orienteering is run in wild terrain. In its Scandinavian origins, this typically meant in the [[Meşə|forest]], but orienteering in open fell, heathland, moorland and other mixed terrain is also common. Orienteering in [[Qəsəbə|towns]] has been common for many years. Street-O has typically been a low-key affair; score events, often at night, normally as informal training events. The [[Venesiya|Venice]] street-O is notable for attracting a large international participation. With Park World Tour<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.pwt.org|title = Park World Tour|accessdate = 2012-02-05}}</ref> races and other (e.g. World championships) elite sprint races often being held in urban areas, and the development of a map specification for urban areas (ISSOM), from the mid-2000s, Street-O has been rebranded as urban orienteering, and has taken itself rather more seriously, with full colour maps and electronic punching, and may now be regarded as a serious competition with inclusion in national ranking lists.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.britishorienteering.org.uk/page/rankings|title = British Orienteering Rankings|accessdate = 2012-02-05}}</ref> Such urban races are often much longer than the sprint distance.
 
== Yarışma və Nəticələr ==
Sətir 98 ⟶ 87:
[[Şəkil:Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005.PNG|left|thumb|Xəritə nümunəsi]]
Səmti müəyyənetmə yarışları zamanı xüsusi idman xəritələrdən istifdaə olunur. Ümumi olaraq topoqrafik xəritə olan bu idman xəritələri daha da detallı olub, ölçüsü təqribən 1 m-dən böyük, və həta kiçik olan görkəmli bütün obyektləri özündə əks etdirir. Beynəlxalq Səmti Müəyyənetmə Xəritə Spesifikasiyasına (ISOM) görə xəritələrin miqyası 1:15,000 və ya 1:10,000 olmalıdır. Lakin daha böyük miqyaslı xəritələr də yarışlar zamanı istifadə olunur. Xəritə şəbəkəsi şimal maqnit qütbunə əsasən təyin olunur. Xəritələrin şərti işarələri Beynəlxalq Səmti Müəyyənetmə Federasiyası (IOF) tərəfindən yaraılmış standartlara əsasən təsvir olunur. Şərti işarələr səhəvi, nöqtəvi, xətti və xüsusi olmaqla obyektlərin təbii rəngləri ilə məntiqi uyğunluq təşkil edir.
 
=== Məsafə ===
[[Şəkil:Orienteering_map_control_points.svg|thumb|Start, nəzarət məntəqələri və finish - məsafə sxemi]]
Orienteering events offer a range of courses, of varying physical and technical difficulty, to meet the needs of competitors. The orienteering course is marked in purple or red on a map.<ref name="themap">{{Cite web|url = http://www.williams.edu/Biology/Faculty_Staff/hwilliams/Orienteering/map.html|title = The Map|accessdate = 2008-09-28|work = |publisher = www.williams.edu|date = }}</ref> A [[Üçbucaq|triangle]] is used to indicate the start and a double [[Çevrə|circle]] indicates the finish. Circles are used to show the control points.<ref name="ounlimited">{{Cite web|url = http://www.orienteeringunlimited.com/ODetails.htm|title = Details of the sport of orienteering|accessdate = 2008-09-28|work = |publisher = |date = |archive-date = 2001-04-12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010412133640/http://orienteeringunlimited.com/ODetails.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 
==== Yarış qateqoriyası ====
At international, national, and the larger events courses are classified by age, e.g., M35 for men 35 years of age and older. Classes requiring similar distances are usually combined into a smaller number of courses, e.g., M60 will normally share a course with W50, and often with M65 and W55. The results are normally arranged by class.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cyprus-orienteering.com/htmldocs/pdf/ColourCodedexplained.pdf|title = Courses and classes - cutting through the confusion.|year = 1997|publisher = Cyprus Orienteers|accessdate = 2015-02-16|archive-date = 2015-09-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010428/http://www.cyprus-orienteering.com/htmldocs/pdf/ColourCodedexplained.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 
=== Şərti işarələr və legenda ===
[[Şəkil:Control_description.svg|right|thumb|Control description sheet (pictorial). `Opisy punktów' stands for 'Description of points'.]]
Control points are placed on features on the map that can be clearly identified on the ground. Control points are marked in the terrain by white and orange "flags".
 
Competitors receive a "control description sheet" or "clue sheet" which gives a precise description of the feature and the location of the kite, e.g., boulder, 5m, north side. For experienced orienteers the descriptions use symbols (pictorial), in accordance with the ''IOF Control descriptions''.<ref name="iof-controls-2004">{{Cite web|url = http://orienteering.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/IOF-Control-Descriptions-2004.pdf|format = PDF|title = IOF Control descriptions|publisher = International Orienteering Federation|accessdate = 2008-09-30|archive-date = 2011-07-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727152944/http://orienteering.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/IOF-Control-Descriptions-2004.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 
=== Qeydolunma sistemi ===
Each competitor is required to carry an electronic or paper control card, and to present it at the Start and hand it in at the Finish. The control card is marked by some means at each control point to show that the competitor has completed the course correctly. Most events now use electronic punching, although cards and needle punches are still widely used.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://orienteer.com/nutshell.htm|title = Your first orienteering event|publisher = orienteer.com|accessdate = 2008-11-13|archive-date = 2005-12-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051221055013/http://orienteer.com/nutshell.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref>
<center>
<gallery widths="200px" align=center>>
Şəkil:Orientatiepaalperforatorpinnetjes Silva 433.JPG|Kamposter
Şəkil:Controlcard-crop.jpg|Nəzarət kartı
Şəkil:Ardf_transmitter-2m.jpg|Elektron qeyd olunma sistemi
</gallery>
</center>
 
=== Nəticə ===
The winner is normally the competitor with the fastest time, but other scoring systems can be used, e.g., score events and Trail-O. Most events produce provisional results 'on the day', with draft results on the Internet that night; the final results being confirmed a few days later. With electronic punching<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.britishorienteering.org.uk/downloads/documents/Appendices_IElectronicPunching.pdf|format = PDF|title = Appendix I : Electronic Punching|accessdate = 2008-10-23|work = |publisher = www.britishorienteering.org.uk|date = |archive-date = 2008-08-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080807175505/http://www.britishorienteering.org.uk/downloads/documents/Appendices_IElectronicPunching.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> the results can include ''split times'' for competitors. These show the times between controls and aggregate times to each control. With suitable computer software these times can be displayed in a graphical form (Progressograph).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.britishorienteering.org.uk/event/organisers.php#responsibilities|title = Organisers are responsible for|publisher = British Orienteering Federation|accessdate = 2008-11-13|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080804112125/http://www.britishorienteering.org.uk/event/organisers.php#responsibilities|archivedate = 2008-08-04|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 
=== Təhlükəsiszlik ===
Each competitor is responsible for his or her own safety. There are no rules, but there are guidelines, which should be followed. The basic safety check was the ''stub check''. The competitor hands in his stub at the start and his control card at the finish. Event officials match the two and any unmatched stubs represent a missing competitor. This has been superseded with electronic punching in that event officials can now request a ‘still to finish’ report listing all those competitors who punched at the start but have not yet downloaded their electronic card. All competitors must report to the finish whether they have completed the course or not.<ref name="ounlimited"/><ref name="nutshell">{{Cite web|url = http://orienteer.com/nutshell.htm|title = Your first orienteering event|accessdate = 2008-09-28|work = |publisher = orienteer.com|date = |archive-date = 2005-12-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051221055013/http://orienteer.com/nutshell.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 
=== Fərdi geyim ===
IOF rule 21.1 is that the specification for clothing is delegated to the national organising body, and no specific clothing is required.<ref name="iof-rules2">{{Cite web|url = http://www.orienteering.org/i3/index.php?/iof2006/document_library/rules_and_guidelines/foot_orienteering|title = IOF Foot-O Rules|accessdate = 2008-11-14|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080614090613/http://www.orienteering.org/i3/index.php?%2Fiof2006%2Fdocument_library%2Frules_and_guidelines%2Ffoot_orienteering|archivedate = 2008-06-14|url-status = dead}}</ref> UK rule 7.1.1 requires ''full body cover'': the torso and legs must be covered.<ref name="bof-rules">{{Cite web|url = http://www.britishorienteering.org.uk/downloads/documents/2007Rules_Jan07.pdf|format = PDF|title = BOF Event Rules|accessdate = 2008-11-14|archive-date = 2008-07-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080704171146/http://www.britishorienteering.org.uk/downloads/documents/2007Rules_Jan07.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> The organiser may allow shorts, e.g., in park or street orienteering. In the United States, rule A.34.1 states that competitors are free to choose clothing that they are most comfortable in (full leg cover is ''not'' required), unless specifically stated in the meet announcement.
 
The early competitors used standard athletic clothing, i.e., shorts and an athletic vest, which provided little protection for racing through undergrowth. Purpose-made lightweight nylon full-body suits were later adopted. The early ''O-suits'' were made in muted colours but modern suits are generally multi-coloured. Clubs often organise the bulk purchase of clothing, which are then made in the club colours with the club’s name prominently displayed. Some competitors prefer lycra tights or leggings. Gaiters are also often worn. Lightweight studded (and often cleated) orienteering shoes are commonly used.
 
=== Fərdi ləvazimatlar ===
[[Şəkil:Compasses_orienteering.jpg|thumb|Barmaq və bucaqölçən kompaslar]]
The basic equipment required for orienteering is usually listed as a compass and appropriate outdoor clothing. Most national bodies recommend that a [[Hakim fiti|whistle]] be carried for [[Hakim fiti|safety]].
 
Competitive orienteers usually use specialized equipment:
* A thumb compass, or [[Kompas|protractor compass]] on a short wrist cord.
* A clear map case to protect the map. May be provided by organizers in competitions.
* A clear plastic sleeve, worn on the forearm, to hold control descriptions.
* A map board, fixed to the handlebars or worn on the arm or strapped to the torso (MTB-O, Ski-o and ARDF only).
* IOF rules forbid the use of artificial aids that competitors can refer to during a race, so [[GPS]] and other electronic navigation devices are not used. (ARDF may allow them at some events). [[GPS]] logging devices that track and record position, without allowing competitors to refer to the data during the race, are permitted, and are increasingly being used for post-race route-choice analysis and live tracking for event spectators.<gallery>
File:Ardf 0008.jpg|ARDF orienteer wearing a map board on his left arm
File:Lob-fran-crop.jpg|Ski orienteer wearing a map board on a torso harness
File:Wilimy-crop.jpg|Mountain bike orienteer with a map board on bike handlebars
</gallery>
 
== Yarış növləri ==
[[Şəkil:Gold_Relay_UK_WOC_2008-crop.jpg|left|thumb|Estafet qaçış orienterinqi.Atlet komanda yoldaşının başlaması üçün finiş xəttinə yaxınlaşır.]]
 
=== Uzun məsafə (classic və ya long) ===
Classic orienteering involves a race between controls in a preset order. The winner is the person who completes the course in the shortest time. This is called a "cross-country" course as distinct from a score course (see below). Courses are normally designed so that the fastest route is not straightforward to find on the map, or to follow on the ground. The classic race has a typical winning time of 75–90 minutes. As of 2007, the IOF have dictated that the "classic" course should be redesignated the "long".
 
=== Orta məsafə (Middle) ===
The middle distance is a shorter cross-country race than the classic (or long), with a winning time in the region of 30 minutes and with an emphasis more on fine navigation than route-choice. When races of this distance were run in the mid-late 1990s, they were called "short" races, or "sprint-O". The short distance was introduced as a world championship discipline in 1991. More recently, though the IOF have renamed this distance as "middle".
 
=== Estafet (Relay) ===
A relay race is run by a team of competitors each running a course, and the result is based on the team's total time. Relays usually employ a mass start instead of a staggered start. To reduce competitors following each other, various spreading methods might be used. This is called "gaffling", which is a Swedish word meaning "forking". The key principle is that every team must run every leg (between each pair of two controls), but not necessarily in the same order. The IOF have introduced the nomenclature to try to clarify the usage of the word "leg". In orienteering usage, leg normally refers to the part of a race between two control points. In relay (non-orienteering) usage, leg refers to the part of a race run by a single team member. The IOF prefer "lap" for this latter term, but despite this, in common parlance, "leg" is used for both terms.
 
=== Xal ilə qiymətləndirmə ===
Competitors visit as many controls as possible within a time limit. There is usually a mass start (rather than staggered), with a time limit. Controls may have different point values depending on difficulty, and there is a point penalty for each minute late. The competitor with the most points is the winner.
The large-scale, endurance-style version of a Score-O is known as a rogaine, competed by teams in events lasting (often) 24 hours. A very large area is used for competition, and the map scale is smaller. The format originated in Australia. The term ROGAINE is often said to stand for Rugged Outdoor Group Activity Involving Navigation and Endurance; this is essentially a backronym, as the name actually originates from the names of Rod, Gail and Neil Phillips, who were among Australian Rogaining's first participants.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ptoc.org/begin_guide/htdocs/courses.html|title = Point-to-point orienteering (also called Cross-country orienteering)|accessdate = 2008-05-08}}</ref>
 
=== Sprint ===
Very short races, with winning times in the region of 12–15 minutes, often held in city [[park]]s and other more urban settings. Map scales are usually 1:5,000 or 1:4,000. Control sites can include benches, litterbins, sculptures, and other objects common to urban parks.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://lazarus.elte.hu/mc/specs/issom2005.pdf|format = PDF|title = International Specification for Sprint Orienteering Maps|date = April 15, 2008|publisher = International Orienteering Federation|accessdate = 2008-09-28}}</ref> The sprint distance may also be held in the forest, when it would be called a "forest sprint" as opposed to an "urban sprint". This distance was pioneered in the late 1990s as an elite event by the Park World Tour organisation who organised an independent "world cup" in park sprint orienteering. In 2001 in Tampere, the IOF included a sprint distance in the orienteering world championships.
 
=== Ultrasprint ===
Ultrasprint events are held in a specially constructed labyrinth. Due to the limited area of the labyrinth, ultrasprint is a more spectator-friendly form of orienteering. Also, as the course is artificial, identical courses can be set in different geographical locations for simultaneous local competitions as parts of a larger tournament.
 
=== Gecə ===
[[Şəkil:Start.jpg|thumb|Xəritənin oxunması]]
Competitors use a headlamp to navigate in the dark. Reflective markers often are used on control point flags, which shifts the tactics from precision navigation to searching. Competitors can travel at high speed to the vicinity of the control point, then sweep the area with the light to catch a reflection off the control flag. If a night event starts before dark, a mass start must be used so all competitors have equal time in the light and dark. The two classic club relays, Tiomila and Jukola, both include night legs.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.4orienteering.com/terrain_association/56/|title = Night Navigation|accessdate = 2008-05-08}}</ref> Full length (24-hour) rogaines and many adventure races run through the night, without a dark period, and competitors may choose not to rest.
 
== Orientiring və Olimpiya ==
 
==Həmçinin bax==