Üləma

Üləma (ərəb. علماء‎)^[1] — islamda dini biliklərin, o cümlədən islam doktrinasının və hüququnun qoruyucuları, ötürücüləri və tərcüməçiləri.^[2]

Tarixi ənənəyə görə, üləmalar dini müəssisələrdə, yəni mədrəsələrdə təhsil alırlar. Quran və sünnə ənənvi islam hüququnun müqəddəs qaynaqlarıdır.^[3]

İstinadlar

↑ Brown, Jonathan A.C. Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. 2014. səh. 3. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9. The ulama (literally, the learned ones)
↑ Cl. Gilliot; R.C. Repp; K.A. Nizami; M.B. Hooker; Chang-Kuan Lin; J.O. Hunwick. P. Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (redaktorlar ). ʿUlamāʾ. In: Encyclopaedia of Islam (2). Leiden: E.J. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1278. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
↑ Muhammad Qasim Zaman. The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. 2007. səh. 1. ISBN 978-0-691-13070-5.

Əlavə ədəbiyyat

Guy Burak. The second formation of Islamic Law. The Hanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-1-107-09027-9.
Robert W. Hefner; Muhammad Qasim Zaman, redaktorlar Schooling Islam: The culture and politics of modern Muslim education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-691-12933-4.
Thomas Pierret. Religion and state in Syria. The Sunni ulama from coup to revolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-60990-7.
Muhammad Qasim Zaman. The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-691-13070-5. PDF, accessed 2 May 2017
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. Cook, Michael (redaktor). Transmitters of authority and ideas across cultural boundaries, eleventh to eighteenth century. In: The new Cambridge history of Islam (3rd). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-51536-8.
Bein, Amit. Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition (2011) Amazon.com
Hatina, Meir. Ulama, Politics, and the Public Sphere: An Egyptian Perspective (2010). ISBN 978-1-60781-032-2 ISBN 978-1-60781-032-2
Heyd. Uriel. "Some Aspects of The Ottoman Fetva." School of Oriental and African Studies Bulletin; 32 (1969), p. 35–56.
Inalcik, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178.
Mehmet, Ipsirli, Guidelines to the Jurisprudence of Ottoman Ulema
Rabithah Ma'ahid Islamiyah Biografi Ulama of Indonesia
Tasar, Murat. "The Ottoman Ulema: their understanding of knowledge and scholarly contribution." The Turks. 3: Ottomans. Editors: Hasan Celâl Güzel, C.Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2002, pp. 841–850.
Zilfi, Madeline C. 1986. "The Kadizadelis: Discordant Revivalism in Seventeenth Century Istanbul." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45 (4): 251–269.

[jacb2-1] Brown, Jonathan A.C. Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. 2014. səh. 3. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9. The ulama (literally, the learned ones)

[Def_EI22-2] Cl. Gilliot; R.C. Repp; K.A. Nizami; M.B. Hooker; Chang-Kuan Lin; J.O. Hunwick. P. Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (redaktorlar ). ʿUlamāʾ. In: Encyclopaedia of Islam (2). Leiden: E.J. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1278. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.

[3] Muhammad Qasim Zaman. The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. 2007. səh. 1. ISBN 978-0-691-13070-5.

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