Livanlaşma

Livanlaşma (ivr. ‏לבנוניזציה‏‎, ərəb. اللًَبْنَنَة‎) — firavan, inkişaf etmiş, siyasi cəhətdən sabit bir ölkənin vətəndaş müharibəsinə girməsi və ya uğursuz dövlətə çevrilməsi prosesinə aid edilən, neqativ məna daşıyan siyasi termin. Bu termin Livanda vətəndaş müharibəsi nəticəsində Livanın düşdüyü vəziyyətdən ilhamlanmışdır. Termin əsasən İsraildə istifadə olunur. Bu, adətən İsrailin qonşu Levant dövlətlərində xarici siyasətinə istinad etmək üçün istifadə edilmişdir. Bu termin ilk dəfə 1983-cü ildə İsrail Prezidenti Şimon Peres tərəfindən 1982-ci ildə İsrailin Livana hücumundan sonra İsrailin Livandakı hərbi mövcudluğunun minimuma endirilməsinə xitab edərək istifadə olunmuşdur. Livan vətəndaş müharibəsi. Bu, Balkanlaşma ilə müqayisə oluna bilər, lakin separatçılıq olmadan, bir ölkənin sərhədləri daxilində baş verir.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

İstinadlar

↑ Safire, William. "On Language; Izationization (Published 1991)". The New York Times. 21 April 1991. 17 August 2017 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 18 December 2020.
↑ "Beijing threatens to 'Lebanonize' Taiwan EJINSIGHT - ejinsight.com". EJINSIGHT. 28 March 2021 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 18 December 2020. However, the Israeli withdrawal was followed by a permanent state of civil war among the religious, ethnic and political factions in Lebanon. As a result, Lebanonization took on a more negative meaning and became a phrase to describe a failed state that keeps struggling with religious and other disputes.
↑ Gold, David L. "Offspring of the English Verb Babelize (With Remarks on French, Hebrew, and Spanish)". Neophilologus. 86 (3). 2002: 455–466. doi:10.1023/A:1015680313631. In allusion to the protracted and bitter civil war in Lebanon, fear of Lebanisation on the northwest border of Pakistan is mentioned in the Manchester Guardian Weekly of 5 January 1986, p. 6; Norman Podhoretz warned of a Lebanization of Palestine, if such a state came into existence, in The New York Times of 3 September 1993, p. A9; the Lebanonization of Yugoslavia is mentioned in The New York Times of 1 November 1987, p. 14; Mapam, an Israeli political party, has warned of the possible Lebanonization of Israel; “‘Lebanonization’ is the term both Israelis and Palestinians are using for what seems to be a shift toward low-level guerrilla warfare [. . .]” (John Kifner, “Tale of Two Uprisings: This Time, the Palestinians Have Territory, and Guns,” The New York Times, 18 November 2000, p. A6).
↑ Bordenkircher, Eric. ""Lebanonization": Framing Policy for the Puzzles of the Middle East". Middle East Policy. 27 (1). 2020: 41–55. doi:10.1111/mepo.12473.
↑ Setrakian, Lara. "Beirut in Baghdad: Is the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq complete?". Foreign Policy. 2021-02-13 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2023-12-28.
↑ Bresnahan, John. "Crocker: Iran is pushing for the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq". POLITICO (ingilis). 24 June 2021 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 18 December 2020.
↑ Rezaei, Farhad. Iran and Iraq: The Lebanonization Project in the Balance // Iran's Foreign Policy After the Nuclear Agreement: Politics of Normalizers and Traditionalists (ingilis). Springer International Publishing. 2018. 113–140. ISBN 978-3-319-76789-5.
↑ Rosenfeld, Stephen S. "WORSE THAN BEING LEBANONIZED". Washington Post. 26 April 1991. İstifadə tarixi: 18 December 2020.
↑ Rabil, Robert G. The Islamists and the Political System: Al-Infitah and Lebanonization // Religion, National Identity, and Confessional Politics in Lebanon: The Challenge of Islamism (ingilis). Palgrave Macmillan US. 2011. 59–81. ISBN 978-0-230-33925-5.
↑ Upadhyay, P. K. "Islamization versus Talibanization: Is Pakistan Drifting Towards 'Lebanonization'?". Strategic Analysis. 33 (6). 2009: 805–808. doi:10.1080/09700160903255749.
↑ Ranstorp, Magnus. "The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current 'Lebanonization process'". Mediterranean Politics. 3 (1). 1998: 103–134. doi:10.1080/13629399808414643.
↑ Barber, Benjamin R. Jihad vs. McWorld // Globalization and the Challenges of a New Century: A Reader (ingilis). Indiana University Press. 2000. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-253-02818-1. The first is a retribalization of large swaths of humankind by war and bloodshed: a threatened Lebanonization of national states in which culture is pitted against culture, people against people, tribe against tribe —a Jihad in the name of a hundred narrowly conceived faiths …

[1] Safire, William. "On Language; Izationization (Published 1991)". The New York Times. 21 April 1991. 17 August 2017 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 18 December 2020.

[2] "Beijing threatens to 'Lebanonize' Taiwan EJINSIGHT - ejinsight.com". EJINSIGHT. 28 March 2021 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 18 December 2020. However, the Israeli withdrawal was followed by a permanent state of civil war among the religious, ethnic and political factions in Lebanon. As a result, Lebanonization took on a more negative meaning and became a phrase to describe a failed state that keeps struggling with religious and other disputes.

[3] Gold, David L. "Offspring of the English Verb Babelize (With Remarks on French, Hebrew, and Spanish)". Neophilologus. 86 (3). 2002: 455–466. doi:10.1023/A:1015680313631. In allusion to the protracted and bitter civil war in Lebanon, fear of Lebanisation on the northwest border of Pakistan is mentioned in the Manchester Guardian Weekly of 5 January 1986, p. 6; Norman Podhoretz warned of a Lebanization of Palestine, if such a state came into existence, in The New York Times of 3 September 1993, p. A9; the Lebanonization of Yugoslavia is mentioned in The New York Times of 1 November 1987, p. 14; Mapam, an Israeli political party, has warned of the possible Lebanonization of Israel; “‘Lebanonization’ is the term both Israelis and Palestinians are using for what seems to be a shift toward low-level guerrilla warfare [. . .]” (John Kifner, “Tale of Two Uprisings: This Time, the Palestinians Have Territory, and Guns,” The New York Times, 18 November 2000, p. A6).

[4] Bordenkircher, Eric. ""Lebanonization": Framing Policy for the Puzzles of the Middle East". Middle East Policy. 27 (1). 2020: 41–55. doi:10.1111/mepo.12473.

[5] Setrakian, Lara. "Beirut in Baghdad: Is the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq complete?". Foreign Policy. 2021-02-13 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2023-12-28.

[6] Bresnahan, John. "Crocker: Iran is pushing for the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq". POLITICO (ingilis). 24 June 2021 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 18 December 2020.

[7] Rezaei, Farhad. Iran and Iraq: The Lebanonization Project in the Balance // Iran's Foreign Policy After the Nuclear Agreement: Politics of Normalizers and Traditionalists (ingilis). Springer International Publishing. 2018. 113–140. ISBN 978-3-319-76789-5.

[8] Rosenfeld, Stephen S. "WORSE THAN BEING LEBANONIZED". Washington Post. 26 April 1991. İstifadə tarixi: 18 December 2020.

[9] Rabil, Robert G. The Islamists and the Political System: Al-Infitah and Lebanonization // Religion, National Identity, and Confessional Politics in Lebanon: The Challenge of Islamism (ingilis). Palgrave Macmillan US. 2011. 59–81. ISBN 978-0-230-33925-5.

[10] Upadhyay, P. K. "Islamization versus Talibanization: Is Pakistan Drifting Towards 'Lebanonization'?". Strategic Analysis. 33 (6). 2009: 805–808. doi:10.1080/09700160903255749.

[11] Ranstorp, Magnus. "The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current 'Lebanonization process'". Mediterranean Politics. 3 (1). 1998: 103–134. doi:10.1080/13629399808414643.

[12] Barber, Benjamin R. Jihad vs. McWorld // Globalization and the Challenges of a New Century: A Reader (ingilis). Indiana University Press. 2000. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-253-02818-1. The first is a retribalization of large swaths of humankind by war and bloodshed: a threatened Lebanonization of national states in which culture is pitted against culture, people against people, tribe against tribe —a Jihad in the name of a hundred narrowly conceived faiths …

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]